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Sciatica

Sciatica

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Overview

Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. It usually affects only one side of the body. Sciatica is not a condition itself but a symptom of an underlying medical issue, such as a herniated disc or spinal stenosis.

Symptoms

Sciatica can vary in intensity and may include:

  • Sharp, burning pain starting in the lower back or buttock and radiating down the leg
  • Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
  • Muscle weakness in the affected leg
  • Pain that worsens with prolonged sitting, sneezing, or coughing

Causes

Common causes of sciatica include:

  • Herniated Disc: Most common cause, pressing on a nerve root
  • Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal
  • Degenerative Disc Disease
  • Spondylolisthesis
  • Piriformis Syndrome
  • Trauma or InjuryTumors (rare)

Risk Factors

You’re more likely to develop sciatica if you:

  • Are aged 30–60Have a sedentary lifestyle or sit for long periods
  • Are overweight or obese
  • Perform heavy lifting or twisting activities
  • Have diabetes (which increases nerve damage risk)
  • Smoke (impairs spinal disc health)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis includes:

  • Medical History & Physical Exam: Checking for nerve tension, reflexes, and mobility
  • Imaging Tests:
  • MRI or CT scan: To visualize spinal nerves and discs
  • X-rays: To check for bone abnormalities
  • Electromyography (EMG): To assess nerve function
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