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Herniated Disc

Herniated Disc

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Overview

A herniated disc, also called a ruptured or slipped disc, occurs when the soft inner gel-like center (nucleus pulposus) of a spinal disc pushes through a tear in the tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus). This condition can compress nearby nerves, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness.

Herniated discs most commonly occur in the lower back (lumbar spine) or neck (cervical spine).

Symptoms

Symptoms vary based on the location and severity of the herniation:

Lumbar (Lower Back):

  • Sharp or burning low back pain
  • Sciatica: Pain radiating down one leg
  • Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
  • Muscle weakness

 Cervical (Neck):

  • Neck pain
  • Pain radiating to the shoulder, arm, or hand
  • Tingling or numbness in the arms
  • Weakness in the arm or hand

Causes

  • Disc degeneration with age
  • Repetitive strain or overuse
  • Heavy lifting or improper lifting technique
  • Sudden trauma or injury
  • Obesity, increasing spinal pressure
  • Sedentary lifestyle

Risk Factors

  • Age (30–50 years)
  • Physically demanding work
  • Poor posture or ergonomics
  • Smoking (decreases disc hydration)
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Inactivity or weak core muscles

Diagnosis

  • Medical History & Physical Exam: Checking reflexes, strength, and pain patterns
  • MRI Scan: Most effective for viewing disc herniation
  • CT Scan: Alternative imaging if MRI isn’t available
  • X-rays: To rule out bone-related issues
  • EMG/Nerve Studies: To assess nerve damage